The research strands of recent decades show how music has an impact on various medical therapeutic areas and social fields. The scientific corpus is very broad and includes randomized clinical trials, mixed methods and mechanistic research examining psychosocial and physiological responses to specific musical interventions. The literature has shown how different musical techniques can be used with benefit in various clinical settings, e.g., in cancer and postoperative pain, during labor and delivery, and in all situations where it is appropriate to counter depression and anxiety including also support to end-of-life and bereavement. In addition to being a life companion for well-being and longevity, music has assumed an important therapeutic role in dementia, neurological rehabilitation, and in childhood neuropsychiatric illnesses such as autism and schizophrenia. Involvement in music also plays a key role in building social bonds between individuals and groups, which in turn promote health and well-being. The neurobiological bases of these actions will be described in this chapter.